Additional Resources: Secondary Sources

Berman, Edward. “The Pullman Porters Win.” The Nation. August 21, 1935. Rpt. in VCU Libraries Social Welfare History Project. Virginia Commonwealth University. https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/great-depression/brotherhood-of-sleeping-car-porters-win-over-pullman-company/.
Cassedy, James Gilbert. “African Americans and the American Labor Movement.” African American History & Federal Records, special issue of Prologue, 29, no. 2 (Summer 1997). The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1997/summer/american-labor-movement.html.
“Civil Rights and the Labor Movement: A Historical Overview.” International Brotherhood of Teamsters. https://teamster.org/2021/02/civil-rights-and-the-labor-movement-a-historical-overview/.
Draper, Alan. Conflict of Interests: Organized Labor and the Civil Rights Movement in the South, 1954–1968. Cornell University Press, 1994. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv3s8nbn.
Euchner, Charles. “Key Figures behind the March.” American Educator, 37, No. 3 (Fall 2013). American Federation of Teachers, AFL-CIO. https://www.aft.org/sites/default/files/media/2014/MOW.pdf.
Foner, Philip S. Organized Labor and the Black Worker, 1619-1981. New York: International Publishers, 1981.
Goldfield, Michael. “Achilles’ Heel and the Tortoise: Race and the Labor Movement in the United States of America.” In Race and Labor Matters in the New U.S. Economy, edited by Manning Marable, Immanuel Ness, Joseph Wilson. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2006.
Goldfield, Michael. “The Failure of Operation Dixie: A Critical Turning Point in American Political Development?” In Race, Class, and Community in Southern Labor History, edited by Gary M. Fink and Earl E. Roach. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1994.
Harris, William Hamilton. The Harder We Run: Black Workers Since the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
Hill, Norman and Velma Murphy Hill. “Living History.” American Educator, vol. 37, No. 3, Fall 2013. American Federation of Teachers, AFL-CIO. https://www.aft.org/sites/default/files/media/2014/MOW.pdf.
Hopkins, George H. “Charleston hospital workers strike.” South Carolina Encyclopedia. University of South Carolina, Institute for Southern Studies. https://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/charleston-hospital-workers-strike/.
Jones, William P. “The Move to Unity.” American Educator, 37, No. 3, Fall 2013, American Federation of Teachers, AFL-CIO. https://www.aft.org/sites/default/files/media/2014/MOW.pdf.
Kelley, Robin D. G. Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class. New York: Free Press, 1994.
Kersten, Andrew Edmund, and Clarence Lang, eds. Reframing Randolph: Labor, Black Freedom, and the Legacies of A. Philip Randolph. New York: New York University Press, 2015.
McDuffie, Erik S. Sojourning for Freedom: Black Women, American Communism, and the Making of Black Left Feminism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011.
Moreno, Paul D. From Direct Action to Affirmative Action: Fair Employment Law and Policy in America, 1933-1972. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997.
“Randolph, A. Philip (Asa Philip), 1889-1979.” Civil Rights Digital Library. Digital Library of Georgia, https://crdl.usg.edu/people/randolph_a_philip_asa_philip_1889_1979.
Shaw, Stephanie J. What a Woman Ought to Be and to Do: Black Professional Women Workers during the Jim Crow Era. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
Simon, Bryant. “Rethinking Why There Are So Few Unions in the South.” The Georgia Historical Quarterly, 81, no. 2 (1997): 465–84. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40583653.
Sugrue, Thomas. Interview with Robert Siegel. “Labor Movement Was Critical Ally To Civil Rights Movement.” All Things Considered. NPR. August 27, 2013, https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=216191855.
“The Black Worker Since the AFL-CIO Merger, 1955-1980.” The Black Worker, vol. 8, Temple University Press, https://temple.manifoldapp.org/read/the-black-worker-since-the-afl-cio-merger-1955-1980-volume-vii/section/fa782994-a2b5-41aa-a605-0602d0dd3315.
“White Citizens’ Councils (WCCs).” King Encyclopedia, The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University. https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/white-citizens-councils-wcc.