Secondary Sources

  • Alexander, Michelle. The New Jim Crow Mass: Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: The New Press, second edition, 2020.
  • Blackmon, Douglas A. Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black People in America from the Civil War to World War II, New York: Doubleday, 2008.
  • Georgia Department of Corrections, http://www.dcor.state.ga.us/.
  • “Georgia profile.” Prison Policy Initiative, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/profiles/GA.html.
  • Haley, Sarah. “‘Like I Was a Man’: Chain Gangs, Gender, and the Domestic Carceral Sphere in Jim Crow Georgia.” Signs, vol. 39, no. 1, 2013, pp. 53-77.
  • ---. No Mercy Here: Gender, Punishment, and the Making of Jim Crow Modernity, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2016.
  • Ingram, Tammy. Dixie Highway: Road Building and the Making of the Modern South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.
  • LeFlouria, Talitha L. “‘The Hand That Rocks the Cradle Cuts Cordwood’: Exploring Black Women’s Lives and Labor in Georgia’s Convict Camps, 1865–1917.” Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas, vol. 8, no. 3, 2011, pp. 47-63.
  • ---. Chained in Silence : Black Women and Convict Labor in the New South, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2015.
  • Lichtenstein, Alex. “Good Roads and Chain Gangs in the Progressive South: ‘The Negro Convict is a Slave.’” The Journal of Southern History, vol. 59, no. 1, 1993, pp. 85-110.
  • ---. Twice the Work of Free Labor: The Political Economy of Convict Labor in the New South, New York: Verso, 1996.